Andrzej Blecharczyk, Jan Śpitalniak, Irena Małecka
NITROGEN EFFICIENCY OF WINTER WHEAT DEPENDING ON PREVIOUS CROP AND TILLAGE SYSTEMS
A field study was carried out in 1997-1999 at Research Station Brody belonging to Agricultural University of Poznan. The soil of the experimental field is classified as Albic Luvisols according to FAO classification developed on loamy sands overlying loamy materials. The aim of research was to evaluate the effect of tillage systems (conventional, reduced, direct drilling) and previous crop (pea, spring barley) on nitrogen fertilizer efficiency of winter wheat. The agronomic and physiological efficiency decreased with increasing N level. Recovery of applied N ranged from 51,4-73,2% at the rate 50 kg and 5,8-53,6% at 150 kg. Excess N application causes a decline in both harvest index and nitrogen harvest index. Tillage and previous crop had a significant effect of nitrogen use efficiency.
Leszek Majchrzak, Grzegorz Skrzypczak
IMPACT OF DIFFERENCE TILLAGE SYSTEMS AND CROP RESIDUE ON
FODDER BEETS YIELD AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOIL
A field study was carried out in 2004-2005 based on the static experiment at the Research Station Swadzim belonging to the Agricultural University of Poznan (PL). The objective of this study was to determine the effect of tillage systems: conventional and direct drilling and crop residue on fodder beets root yield and soil physical properties.
Direct seeding led to increased root yield of fodder beets. Plants stand of fodder beets was not significantly differed by tillage system and crop residue. Tillage system and crop residue did not have certain impact on number of weeds. The higher number of weeds was observed on the control plots with stubble. After direct seeding the dominant weed species were: Viola arvensis, Galium aparine, Matricaria inodora, Geranium pusillum, Elymus repens, Papaver rhoeas and Sonchus oleraceus. When conventional tillage system was used the dominant weed species were Chenopodium album, Amaranthus retroflexus and Polygonum aviculare. After oats the soil had higher soil moisture and ploughing cultivation system promoted higher soil moisture. Oats and spring vetch as mulching crops especially in direct drilling increased capillary water capacity. The higher compaction was observed on the treatment plots where direct sowing was applied, which was proved significantly for layers 10-20 and 20-30 cm.
Zenon Woźnica, Edward Szeleźniak
EFFECT OF ADJUVANTS ON FORAMSULFURON EFFICACY
Greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the effect of various surfactants and oil adjuvant applied with and without liquid urea-ammonium nitrate fertiliser on yellow foxtail Setaria glacuca (L.) Beauv. control with foramsulfuron. Primary and secondary ethoxylated alcohol surfactants were more efficient as their hydrophilic-liphophilic balance and degree of ethoxylation increased. Ethylene/propylene oxide block-copolymers were the most efficient surfactants for foramsulfuron, regardless of the HLB value. Tank-mix of more lipophilic surfactants from primary and secondary ethoxylated alcohols and ethylated seed oil, but not ethylene/propylene oxide block-copolymers surfactants, with urea-ammonium nitrate liquid fertiliser greatly increased framsulfuron efficacy. Overall efficacy of foramsulfuron was the highest when applied with ethylated seed oil plus urea-ammonium nitrate liquid fertilizer.
Waldemar Domaniecki, Piotr Goliński
EFFECT OF ROW SPACING AND CULTIVATION METHOD ON RED FESCUE CV. ‘ARETA’ GROWN FOR SEEDS
Field experiment was carried out in years 2000-2003 at the Experimental Station of the Department of Grassland Science situated in Brody. The objective of the performed experiments was to ascertain the effect of the row spacing and cultivation method associated with it in Festuca rubra cv. ‘Areta’ grown for seeds on the seed yield, elements of its structure and functional value of the seed material. The experiment was established in a random block design on plots of 25 m2 in four repetitions. The following eight treatments were applied: 1) 15 cm + Stomp 330 EC (4 l/ha), 2) 15 cm + Fusilade Super 125 EC (3 l/ha), 3) 30 cm + Stomp 330 EC (4 l/ha), 4) 30 cm + Fusilade Super 125 EC (3 l/ha), 5) 45 cm + Roundup 360 SL (4 l/ha), 6) 45 cm + mechanical cultivation, 7) 60 cm + Roundup 360 SL (4 l/ha), 8) 60 cm + mechanical cultivation. Different row spacings were applied at the moment of establishment of the experimental plantation. Appropriate cultivation methods were carried out after the harvest of the accompanying plant and, later on, every year of utilisation at the end of September and beginning of October. The following parameters were analysed: seed yields (collecting seeds with a plot combine harvester from the area of 16 m2), formation of generative shoots, yield structure, seed quality (according to ISTA).
On the basis of the obtained results, it was found that the row spacing ranging from 15 to 60 cm and the method of cultivation determined by this distance in the seed plantation of red fescue of the ‘Areta’ cv. exerted a significant influence on the seed yield only in the first year of utilisation. The cultivation of red fescue of the ‘Areta’ cv. in conditions of narrow row spacings and the application of selective herbicides favoured the development of higher quantities of generative shoots but of less favourable inflorescence structure and seed quality in comparison with the cultivation variant with wide row spacings with either chemical or mechanical cultivation methods. The main consideration affecting the choice of the row spacing should be the planned period of plantation utilisation. In the case of intended one-year seed reproduction, the narrowest spacing (15 cm) is the most advantageous, whereas when longer periods of utilisation of the seed plantation are planned, then the widest (60 cm) row spacing is recommended.
Piotr Goliński, Waldemar Spychalski, Barbara Golińska, Jan Kroehnke
EFFECT OF THE CULTIVAR OF Trifolium pretense ON THE SWARD MINERAL COMPOSITION OF A GRASS-LEGUME MIXTURE
ield experiment was carried out in years 2003-2004 at the Experimental Station in Nowa Wieś Ujska near Chodzież, in which the effects of selected cultivars of Trifolium pratense used in grass-legume mixture on mineral composition of the sward were analysed. The experiment was established in a random block design on plots of 10 m2 in four repetitions. The seed mixtures consisted of Trifolium pratense - 30%, Festuca pratensis cv. ‘Skrzeszowicka’ - 40% and Phleum pratense cv. ‘Kaba’ - 30%. The following five cultivars of red clover were analysed: ‘Dajana’ PL, ‘Milvus’ DE, ‘Parada’ PL, ‘Rozeta’ PL, ‘Silvia’ SE as well as four Polish breeding strains: NIB 3701, 3801, 3901, 4001. In the course of utilization, the sward was fertilized using: 30 kg/ha N, 90 kg/ha P2O5, 60 kg/ha K2O in early spring, 30 kg/ha N, 60 kg/ha K2O - after the first cut, and 60 kg/ha N - after the second cut. During the period of vegetation, three cuts were harvested using the plot harvester Hege 212. The proportion of red clover in the sward was estimated in the fresh material sample of 1 kg each collected from each plot using botanical-weight analyse. In samples of plant material the selected mineral components (Ca, Mg, P, K, Na, S, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn) were analysed using commonly applied methods. On the basis of the obtained results the Trifolium pratense cultivar used in the mixture with the meadow fescue and timothy grass affects the variability of the mineral constituents of the grass-legume sward. The mineral composition of the sward is determined not only by the concentration specificity of macro- and microelements in the dry matter of Trifolium pratense cultivars but, first and foremost, by the competitiveness of individual cultivars in relation to grasses on which the proportion of the red clover depends on. With regard to mineral components found in the grass-legume sward, the strongest positive impact of the Trifolium pratense cultivar was determined in relation to calcium, magnesium and zinc, while the negative one - in relation to sodium.
Stanisław Kozłowski, Arkadiusz Swędrzyński, Piotr Domański
PLOIDY IMPLICATIONS REGARDING THE QUALITY OF Lolium perenne L. CULTIVARS REPEATEDLY DEFOLIATED
The objective of our investigations was quality assessment of repeatedly defoliated fodder cultivars of Lolium perenne from the point of view of their ploidy. The object of experiments was a set of diploid (‘Mongita’ NL, ‘Argona’ PL as well as two strains of Polish breeding - BAH-301 and BAH-401) and tetraploid (‘Baristra’ NL, ‘Horatio’ NL, ‘Pastoral’ F, ‘Tivoli’ DK) cultivars of L. perenne. The experimental material derived from a field experiment established in spring 2002 on fields of the Station of Cultivar Evaluation in Śrem and carried out in accordance with the COBORU ‘Metodyka doświadczeń odmianowych’ (Methodology of Cultivar Experiments). The specificity of the established experiment was six-fold sward defoliation at the phase of pasture maturity and its fertilization with nitrogen at the level of 60 kg•ha-1 after each regrowth. The results of our investigations show that assessed L. perenne cultivars supply good quality forage of high nutritive value and palatability as evidenced by the content of crude protein, sugars, cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, carotene, crude ash as well as macroelements and dry matter. Ploidy is a factor differentiating cultivars, primarily, regarding their dry matter content, leaf assimilation area and sodium and, to a lesser degree, sugars, proteins and nitrate nitrogen. That is why, in future breeding work, it will be necessary to employ materials of enhanced ploidy. The assessed L. perenne cultivars distinguish themselves with regard to the wealth of their mineral composition and, therefore, even if they alone are fed to animals, they guarantee full coverage of the demand of the animals for: calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and sodium as evidenced by the determined quantities of these components which were close to optimal. In addition, the determined low level of silicon increases the fodder value of Lolium perenne. The excessive level of potassium found in the sward may be checked by reduced potassium fertilization of L. perenne plantations. The breeding work of L. perenne reached such a level that the modification of the examined cultivars can no longer progress rapidly. The observed cultivar differences allow concluding that it is justifiable and feasible to continue breeding work in the area of a specific property. L. perenne is a grass species sensitive to difficult climatic conditions regarding temperature and moisture content. Growth and development of the cultivars in such unfavourable conditions was not interrupted, although some quality parameters of the consecutive sward regrowths exhibited unwelcome values. Therefore, from this point of view, we can talk about breeding progress. As a nitrophilic grass, L. perenne requires sufficient quantities of nitrogen at the peak of its growth. A single dose of 60 kg of this fertiliser was sufficient to obtain valuable forage. However, in the case of difficult climatic conditions, the examined cultivars accumulated such quantities of nitrogen which could turn out dangerous for ruminants. That is why the pasture sward of L. perenne should be periodically checked for the concentration of nitrate nitrogen. One of the characteristic features of L. perenne is the sensitivity of plants to helminthosporiosis and black stem rust. The examined cultivars are characterised by considerable resistance against pathogens and minimal infection was observed only during the second half of vegetation. Therefore, it can be said that a significant progress in the breeding of L. perenne has already been achieved in this regard. The quality criteria applied to assess the examined cultivars can be regarded as important and reliable for the fodder and functional evaluation of L. perenne cultivars.
Anna Kryszak, Jan Kryszak, Aleksandra Kornacka, Marta Weinrauder
GRASS COMMUNITIES IN THE GŁóWNA RIVER VALLEY IN THE NEIGHBOURHOOD OF WIERZENICA
Geobotanical investigations were carried out in the summer of 2004 in the valley of the Główna River near Wierzenica. Their aim was to analyse the current floristic and utilisation condition of grass communities in the area and to identify causes and directions of the occurring changes. Natural values of the identified communities were assessed on the basis of: species wealth, botanical structure, calculated Shannon-Wiener index of floristic diversity. In addition, the rarity index and current use value were also determined. The performed analysis of phytosociological surveys also allowed determining the current site conditions of meadow communities.
At the present time, communities from the Molinio-Arrhenatheretea (64.3%) class are dominant but frequently they exhibit transitory forms towards segetal communities occupying fairly wet sites of acid reaction and moderately rich in nitrogen. Their natural values are negligible. From among the identified meadow-pasture communities, the dominant ones are of economic value (over 50%) but of poor use value (Luv - from 7.1 to 2.5) which is connected with the current floristic structure.
Klaudia Borowiak, Janina Zbierska
THE EVALUATION OF WHITE CLOVER (Trifolium repens L.) RESPONSES FOR TROPOSPHERIC OZONE AT WIELKOPOLSKA REGION
Tropospheric ozone is one of the most phytotoxic air pollutant. This pollutant has been recognized several years ago as a very important for environment and human and has been involved in Polish and European law. The ozone Directive recommends the bioindicative investigations at European area according program ICP Vegetation of Geneva Convention about Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution. This program recommend white clover as a bioindicator for ozone. The aim of presented study was to examined if white clover (resistant and sensitive biotype) can be used for tropospheric ozone bioindication at Wielkopolska region. Investigations were carried out in 2004 at Tarnowo Podgórne exposure site and revealed, that white clover is good bioindicator for this area, even in low tropospheric ozone concentration conditions. Moreover, ratio S/R proposed by ICP Vegetation project coordinators could be a good parameter for assessment the plant response for tropospheric ozone.
Jerzy Kupiec, Janina Zbierska
EMISSION OF GASES FORM OF NITROGEN IN SELECTED AGRICULTURAL FARMS SITUATED IN WIELKOPOLSKA REGION
The aim of survey in years 2001-2005 was recognition of emission of gases form of nitrogen (N-NOx, N-N2O, NH4) from fertilizer application, manure production and application and animal production. The results of nitrogen losses in large area farms with different specialization and level production in South and Central Wielkopolska and Dolny śląsk region is presented. Choose farms in all or partly was situated in nitrogen vulnerable zone. Study based on recommendations RAINS model. Survey shows that the risk of losses of nitrogen gasses from use fertilizers was low. Summary N-NOx and N-N2O indicated to 2,49 kg N•ha-1 and N-NH3 about 4,78 kg N•ha-1 annual. Ammonia emission from animals production was bigger and more dangerous for environment than from plant production. Livestock produced about 33 kg ammonia per year (25,7 kg N/ha). Emission N-NOx and N-N2O from manure was unimportant.
Agnieszka Ewa Ławniczak, Janina Zbierska
EFFECT OF WATER LEVEL LOWERING ON THE WATER QUALITY IN NIEPRUSZEWSKIE LAKE
The effects of water level regulation on the dynamics of trophic status of Niepruszewskie Lake were studied. Niepruszewskie Lake is polimictic, shallow reservoir, located about 25 km on the west from Poznan in the catchmentÓs of Samica Stęszewska river. Between 1976 and 1995 after building of weir, Niepruszewskie lake was used as water reservoir for land irrigation. In spring 2002 the storage of water in the lake has been stopped. The study was carried out during 1999-2005 and the water quality, water level fluctuations, precipitation was measured. Additionally data from 1994 year were used to analyse the changes of water quality. Presented studies has shown increase of BOD5, phosphorus, mineral nitrogen and chlorophyll a content, along with water clarity deterioration. Changes of water table lowering has not negative effect on microbiological pollution of lakeÓs water.
Agnieszka Ewa Ławniczak
FLORISTIC DIVERSITY OF THE LITTORAL ZONE COMMUNITIES IN NIEPRUSZEWSKIE LAKE
The main aim of the presented work was to evaluate the botanical communities occurring in the littoral zone of Niepruszewskie Lake (Western Poland). Field survey was carried out during the vegetation season in 1999-2002 in the littoral zone according to phytosociological Braun-Blanquet approach and as many as 239 relevEs were recorded. For the classification of the data, the TWINSPAN Two-way Indicator Species Analysis method was used with six cut levels. Floristic diversity of the identified communities was assessed on the basis of: species abundance, Shannon-Wiener floristic diversity index as well as index of anthropogenic changes in the flora. The total area covered by fen macrophytes was estimated as 45 ha, which is 17% of the total lake surface. The TWINSPAN hierarchical classification for macrophytes has given number of divisions although the domination of 6 phytosociological associations were recognised: Phragmitetum australis, Typhetum angustifoliae, T. angustifoliae with P. australis, Caricetum acutiformis, Glycerietum maximae, Caricetum ripariae with Alnetea glutinosae. Numbers of species and Shannon-Wiener index values were the highest in the Alnion glutinosae communities. The high contribution of apophytes to the number of observed species was found in Phragmitetum australis communities. The species composition and floristic diversity of littoral zone indicated the eutrophic conditions of this lake.
John Rowan, Ryszard Staniszewski
OCENA PRZEKSZTAŁCENIA JEZIOR Z WYKORZYSTANIEM Lake Habitat Survey - OKREŚLENIE POTENCJALNEJ PRZYDATNOŚCI METODY W POLSCE
Do zastosowania brytyjskiej metody Lake Habitat Survey wybrane zostały 4 jeziora położone na obszarze Wielkopolski. Podczas badań terenowych stosowano formularz zawierający siedem sekcji (informacje dotyczące jeziora i badań, cechy fizyczne, całościowa ocena jeziora, hydrologia, profil termiczny i tlenowy, kontrola jakości badań terenowych, komentarze). W ramach metody LHS określono również dwa wskaźniki obliczane na podstawie zebranego materiału - Wskaźnik Modyfikacji Jeziora oraz Wskaźnik Naturalności Jeziora. Uzyskane wyniki świadczą o zróżnicowaniu wybranych akwenów pod względem modyfikacji i presji zewnętrznej pomiędzy jeziorami (Przedecz, Brdowskie) i zbiornikami sztucznymi (Rusałka, Malta). Przy zastosowaniu LHS mogą był określane Rudne parametry dotyczące ekosystemów jeziornych, takie jak: typ jeziora, ocena antropopresji, zagadnienia środowiskowe oraz monitoring.
Ryszard Staniszewski, Jerzy Zielnica
ESTIMATION OF THE POSSIBILITY OF RESTITUTION OF WATER CHESTNUT (Trapa natans L.) POPULATION IN FRESHWATERS OF WIELKOPOLSKA
In the year 2005 in Wielkopolskie voivodship seeds of water chestnut were introduced to two ponds and old river bed of Masłówka River. According to obtained results Trapa natans L. could be planted in water bodies with light conditions and water chemistry acceptable for this species. Water chestnut could survived in warm ponds and shallow lakes with low contamination. To maintain Trapa population in water the active protection is necessary, as like removing of pleuston species and weed cutting. In future the fish ponds could be a mainstay for water chestnut in Wielkopolska and in other regions.
Monika Jakubus
INFLUENCE OF INCREASING DOSES OF SULPHUR AND NITROGEN ON YIELD AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF WINTER OILSEED RAPE
The research work on influence of increasing doses of nitrogen and sulphur on yield and chemical composition of winter oilseed rape was undertaken. Studies were realized on base of 3-year field experiment carried out on cambisols with winter oilseed rape ‘Kana’. The experiment was carried out in a split-splot arrangement in four field repetitions. The first order factor was nitrogen fertilisation which comprised four levels at the following doses [kg N•ha-1]: 0; 60; 120; 180. The second order factor was sulphur fertilisation which comprised four levels at the following doses (kg S•ha-1): 0; 20; 40; 60; 80. The plant samples were collected at flowering of winter oilseed rape. On the basis of obtained results it was stated, that applied sulphur fertilization didnÓt increase significantly the seed yield of oilseed rape. The significant influence of the interaction of sulphur and nitrogen fertilization on seed yield of oilseed rape was found. The weak effect of experiment factors on the chemical composition of oilseed rape leaves was revealed. As a result of that the composition of plants didnÓt change essentially. Under conditions of increasing doses of sulphur the concentrations of sulphur and sodium in leaves increased too. Besides, as increased level of nitrogen fertilization as increased content of potassium in leaves of oilseed rape. Independently of experiment object, on average of 3 years the contents of chosen nutrients amounted as follows: 2.45% K, 0.22% Mg, 3.0% Ca, 1.09% S and 0.15 % Na.
Zbigniew Broda, Agnieszka Tomkowiak, Anita Dobek, Waldemar Brukwiński
INVESTIGATION OF CORELATION BETWEEN GENETIC DISTANCE AND HETEROSIS EFFECT IN Secale cereale L.
The study purpose was to analyse genetic diversity of rye inbred lines and to evaluate heterosis effect of F1 Secale cereale L. rye hybrids being obtained from the lines differing in their genetic similarity. All examined hybrids showed significantly higher values of most crop structure traits compare to both parents. The study of correlations between the genetic distance and the heterosis effect showed dependence of some crop structure traits on parentsÓ genetic distance. However, correlation coefficients didnÓt exceed the value p > 0,05 that was critical for testing the correlation coefficient. The lack of significant correlations between the crop structure traits and the hybrid crop itself on the one hand, and the genetic distance on the other hand could have been caused by to narrow variability range of genetic distance coefficient that was obtained in this work.
Anna Ćwiklińska, Zbigniew Broda
THE STYMULATION OF SOMATIC EMBRYOGENESIS FROM LEAF EXPLANTS OF RYE
The leaf explants of two rye cultivars (Secale cereale) i.e. ‘Walet’ and ‘Kier’ were incubated on modified MS medium supplemented with different doses of TDZ and zeatin. In this experiment two type of explant donor plants were used. These explants were sterilized in two ways: seeds and leaf pieces. The somatic embryos were formed only on MS medium supplemented with TDZ and zeatin. It can be also concluded that age of explant and type of medium had important influence on the explant positive response.
Piotr Dullin, Mariola Galbas, Robert Nawrot
SEARCHING FOR PLANT RHABDOVIRUSES IN UNTOUCHABLE FORESTS AND RUDERAL AREAS OF POZNAN
Plant rhabdoviruses has been searched for in the forest and ruderal areas of Poznan. A plants sample with clear symptoms of the sickness has been collected during autumn and spring at the areas designed as the untouchable. RNA isolation has been carried out by two methods. One of those was one-step extraction of the nucleic acid and second was a Promega procedure described in the leaflet. RT-PCR has been carried out by two methods. One method separate the stage of reverse transcription and amplification stage, second Promega method combine reverse transcription reaction with amplification of the DNA during first cycle. Irrespective from the applied method of RNA extraction and RT-PCR an obtained result with used primers all results has been negative.
Stanisław Dyba, Zbigniew Broda, Tadeusz Łuczkiewicz, Jerzy Nawracała
OCENA PRZYDATNOŚCI HODOWLANEJ WYSELEKCJONOWANYCH EKOTYPóW LUCERNY SIEWNEJ (Medicago sativa L. s.l.)
W pracy oceniono wartości hodowlane 32 ekotypów zebranych z różnych dzielnic Poznania. Plon zielonej masy uzyskany z roślin ekotypów Nr 1, 7, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 25, 26, 27, 31 i 32 był istotnie statystycznie wyższy od plonu odmian kontrolnych „RadiusÓ, „ResisÓ i „BojaÓ o 30-50%. średni plon zielonej masy odmian kontrolnych wynosił 475 dt/ha. średni plon nasion odmian kontrolnych wynosił 171,6 kg/ha, natomiast plon nasion ekotypów Nr 7, 15, 16, 17, 18, 27 i 32 był o ok. 200 kg/ha wyższy i dla roślin ekotypu Nr 16, 17, 18 i 32 wynosił odpowiednio: 392,6; 343,6; 363,0; i 392,8 kg z ha. Plon nasion najlepiej plonującej kontrolnej odmiany „RadiusÓ wynosił 206,6 kg/ha. W odniesieniu do tej kontroli plon nasion wymienionych ekotypów był wyższy o 137,0-186,2 kg.
Stanisław Dyba, Zbigniew Broda, Tadeusz Łuczkiewicz, Jerzy Nawracała, Jan Bocianowski
WPŁYW NAWOŻENIA P I K NA ZAWARTOŚĆ SAPONIN W LUCERNIE (Medicago sativa L. s.l.)
W pracy przeanalizowano wpływ nawożenia różnymi dawkami fosforu (P) i potasu (K) na zawartość saponin w 9 populacjach syntetycznych i 3 odmianach kontrolnych: „RadiusÓ, „BojaÓ i „ResisÓ. Stwierdzono, że nawożenie lucerny w ilości 150 kg/ha fosforu (P) i 50 kg/ha potasu (K) w każdej badanej populacji syntetycznej i w każdej odmianie spowodowało istotny statystycznie wzrost zawartości saponin.
Tadeusz Łuczkiewicz, Jerzy Nawracała, Stanisław Dyba, Bogdan Bączkiewicz, Jan Bocianowski
ESTIMATION OF GCA, SCA AND HETEROSIS EFFECTS OF SOME SPRING RAPE
INBRED LINES"
8 inbred lines (S6) were crossed in diallel cross (typ I, GRIFFING 1956). With F1 hybrids and parental lines field experiment was performed in 2002 and 2003 years in which 9 traits were analyzed. GCA, SCA and heterosis (as a mean for both parents) effects were calculated. For 144 GCA effects (8 lines, 9 traits, 2 years of experiment) 57 (39.6%) were significant, including 31 negatives effects. SCA significant effects were observed very seldom and they were not connected with seed yield component traits. Heterosis effects (concerning all 9 traits) was significant in 23% F1 hybrids (2002) and 21% hybrids in 2003 year. For 56 hybrids and 9 traits negative heterosis effects were significant in 2 hybrids (2002) and 8 hybrids in 2003 year. Most frequently significant heterosis effects were observed for plant height. In 2002 year 44,6 % of hybrids demonstrated heterosis of this trait in 2003 - 39,3%. Not so frequently heterosis effects was connected with weight of seeds per plant (17,8% and 42,9%). Very rarely heterosis effects were observed for number of seeds in pod. Positive heterosis we stated for this trait in 6% of hybrids (in two years).
Jerzy Nawracała, Tadeusz Łuczkiewicz, Stanisław Dyba
COMPARISON OF HETEROSIS EFFECT, GENERAL AND SPECIFIC COMBINING ABILITIS OF YIELD COMPONENTS TRAITS BETWEEN F1 AND F2 HYBRIDS OF WINTER WHEAT DIALLEL CROSSES
Eleven winter wheat varieties, differing in agronomic and quality traits, were chosen for diallel crosses (GriffingÓs model II). Fifty five F1 hybrids and their parents and fifty five F2 hybrids and their parents were grown in two field trials at the Agricultural Research Station Dłoń in 2004. Both experiments was performed in randomised block design with three replications. Heterosis effect, general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining abilities of yield components traits: plant height, number of tillers and spikes, number of spikelets per spike, number of grains per spikelet, number of grains per spike, weight of 1000 grains, weight of grains per spike and per plant were calculated. The most frequently, positive heterosis effect compared to better parent for weight of grains per spike and weight of grains per plant were observed. In F2 generation these effects of heterosis were found in half of F1 cross combinations. Similar, low effects of heterosis among F1 and F2 hybrids for number of tiller and spike per plant, number of spikelets and grains per plant were found. In both generations was no significant positive heterosis for weight of 1000 grains. The small number of positive and significant GCA and SCA effects were found and there was no similarity between two generations. Variety ‘Mewa’ seems to be a good parent for crossing in drought conditions, because only this variety increased in F1 hybrids weight of grains per plant and in F2 hybrids number of tillers and spike per plant, number of spikelets and grains per spike. Additionally hybrids, which one of the parents was variety ‘Mewa’ had the highest number (in 8 from 10 cross combinations) of positive heterosis effects for weight of grains per spike.
Andrzej Wojciechowski, Michał Rokicki
APOMIXIS AND ITS IMPORTANCE IN PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE
In Angiosperms seed production generally requires the process of double fertilization in which one sperm cell is fertilizing an egg cell and second sperm cell is fertilizing endosperm cell. But, some higher plants reproduce asexually i.e. by forming apomictic seeds. The plants obtain from such seeds are an exact genetic replica mother plant. From this point of view reproduction by apomixis is often called as cloning by the seeds. Apomixis as a complete developmental process is inherited as simple mendelian traits. The newest investigations say that individual element of apomixes, such as apomeiosis and parthenogenesis, are either controlled by one or two dominant genes. In this article some problems concerning the genetic background of apomixis and the possibilities of its use in the agriculture are discussed.
Rafał Baum
THE ASSESSMENT OF PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT IN INDIVIDUAL FARMS
In present conditions, the stimulation of sustainable development becomes the main purpose of farm organization and management. The subject of performed research was an elaboration of sustainable development indicators. Afterwards, the list of indicators was verified in chosen farms. The realized analysis of individual farms allows to conclude of their sustainability degree. The research have confirmed usefulness of indicators set. Although the elaborated method requires further improvement, it presents voice in consideration about ‘operationalization’ of sustainable development concept in agriculture.
Adam Dobek, Witold Wielicki
THE ANALYSIS OF FACTORS CREATING THE VALUE OF PERPETUAL USUFRUCT
The perpetual usufruct value decreases in relation to the number of years in relation to the number of years of unused period of perpetual usufruct law and in the last year for t = 0 equals 0.25 in all twelve possible variants. Higher capitalisation rate makes the increas of perpetual usufruct value in relatin to law of property which dissagrees with a basic rule of in income approach - risk increase makes the increase of capitasisation rate which infuences the decrease of property value. The parametric value of perpetual usufruct decreases along with the increase of the pecentage rate of the annual fee.
Dariusz Majchrzycki, Witold Wielicki
ANALYSIS OF MARKETING MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISES
The aim of paper was to analyse the process of marketing management in three selected agricultural enterprises. Based on carried analysis, it is possible to say, that examined enterprises introduced some elements of the marketing management process, but there is still lack of harmonised activities between separate stage of this process.
Benedykt Pepliński, Witold Wielicki
THE ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL CONDITIONS FORMING PIGS’ PRICES IN POLAND
The analysis showed that pigs’ prices are strongly different. The highest prices were in Middle-Eastern region, whilst the lowest in Western region. The disparity of pigs’ prices depends on growth or decrease of price rate. On Polish market the Western region usually determines trends prices. The levels of extra payments and deductions for various pigs’ meatiness also have strong regional differentiation.
Karol Wajszczuk
THE ANALYSIS OF LOGISTICS PROCESSES IN THE AGRI-HORTICULTURE ENTERPRISE IN SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION ASPECTS
In this paper, logistics processes in the agri-horticulture enterprise in supply and distribution phases were identified. Based on the analysis, three main categories of suppliers and customers can be distinguished: with high (A), middle (B) and low (C) priority cooperation. There are noticed some main factors which are undertaking in process of choosing a supplier: cost of purchase, quality of supply’s product, supplying on time, deadline for paying of supply products.
Michał Szklarz
WPŁYW RÓŻNYCH POZIOMóW NAWOŻENIA POZAKORZENIOWEGO NA SKŁAD MINERALNY LIŚCI JABŁONI ODMIANY ‘JONICA’
Badania przeprowadzono w latach 2001-2003. Drzewka jabłoni odmiany ‘Jonica’ posadzono wiosną 1994 r. na glebie płowej, należącej do klasy bonitacyjnej IIIa, w Przybrodzie koło Poznania. Zastosowano rozstawę 4,0 × 1,5 m (1667 drzew/ha). Korony drzew prowadzono w formie wrzecionowej. Zabiegi agrotechniczne (cięcie, pielęgnację gleby, nawożenie i ochronę roślin) wykonywano według aktualnych zaleceń dla sadów jabłoniowych. Nawożenie pozakorzeniowe chlorkiem wapnia stosowano każdorazowo w dawce 5 kg/500 l cieczy roboczej/ha. Opryski przeprowadzono w każdym z trzech lat w 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 lub 6 terminach, zależnie od kombinacji. Opryski chlorkiem wapnia przeprowadzano w terminach: połowa czerwca (ok. 30 dni po zakończeniu kwitnienia), początek lipca, połowa lipca, początek sierpnia, połowa sierpnia, początek września (tab. 1). Próby liści do analiz pobierano w siedmiu terminach - pierwszy raz 20 dni po zakończeniu kwitnienia, a każdy z następnych sześciu razy - ok. 10 dni po oprysku chlorkiem wapnia. Zawartość wapnia w liściach jabłoni w czasie sezonu wegetacyjnego była skorelowana z liczbą oprysków chlorkiem wapnia. Najwyższą zawartość wapnia w liściach w czasie zbioru owoców obserwowano najczęściej po sześciu, pięciu i czterech zabiegach chlorkiem wapnia (tab. 2). Zawartość azotu w liściach obniżała się od pierwszego terminu pobierania prób (początek czerwca) aż do ostatniego (okres zbiorów) (tab. 3). Zawartość fosforu obniżała się od pierwszego do ostatniego terminu pobierania prób liści (tab. 4). Liście z drzew nie opryskiwanych chlorkiem wapnia miały najwyższą zawartość potasu (tab. 5). Najwyższą zawartość magnezu w liściach w ostatnim terminie pobierania prób stwierdzono dla drzew nie opryskiwanych chlorkiem wapnia (tab. 6).
Michał Szklarz
WPŁYW NAWOŻENIA AZOTOWEGO NA ZAWARTOŻĆ SKŁADNIKÓW MINERALNYCH W LIŚCIACH WIŚNI
Drzewa wiśni odmiany ‘Łutówka’ typ IR 2 na podkładce ‘Antypka’ wysadzono wiosną w trzech różnych latach. Pierwszy sad założono wiosną 1999 r., wysadzając drzewka w rozstawie 4 × 2 m (1250 drzew/ha), a następne zakładano wiosną 2001 i 2002 r., wysadzając drzewka w rozstawie 4 × 1,3 m (1920 drzew/ha). Przed wysadzeniem drzewek każdego roku jesienią wykonano głęboką orkę, stosując 40 t obornika oraz 200 kg K2O/ha (sól potasowa 60%) i 185 kg P2O5/ha (superfosfat potrójny). Od 2002 r. we wszystkich trzech sadach zastosowano zróżnicowane nawożenie azotem, wprowadzaj ąc 3 kombinacje: bez nawożenia, 60 kg N/ha i 120 kg N/ha. Analizy chemiczne liści i gleby wykonywano w każdym roku prowadzenia badań, a próby pobierano zgodnie z zaleceniami. Próby gleby suszono w temperaturze pokojowej, przesiewano i dokonywano oznaczeń zawartości P, K, Mg oraz pH. Liście suszono w suszarce w temperaturze 70oC, a po ich zmieleniu przystąpiono do oznaczenia zawartości N, P, K, Mg i Ca.
Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że nawożenie azotem wpływało na:
- obniżenie zawartości przyswajalnego fosforu i magnezu w glebie;
- wzrost zawartości tego składnika w liściach wiśni
- obniżenie zawartości fosforu, nie wpływając istotnie na zmianę pozostałych analizowanych składników (K, Mg i Ca).
Zofia Zydlik, Eugeniusz Pacholak, Marcin Zachwieja, Krzysztof Rutkowski
WPŁYW NAWOŻENIA AZOTOWEGO NA ZAWARTOŚĆ SKŁADNIKÓW MINERALNYCH W LIŚCIACH WIŚNI
Drzewa wiśni odmiany „ŁutówkaÓ typ IR 2 na podkładce „AntypkaÓ wysadzono wiosną w trzech różnych latach. Pierwszy sad założono wiosną 1999 r., wysadzając drzewka w rozstawie 4 × 2 m (1250 drzew/ha), a następne zakładano wiosną 2001 i 2002 r., wysadzając drzewka w rozstawie 4 × 1,3 m (1920 drzew/ha).
Przed wysadzeniem drzewek każdego roku jesienią wykonano głęboką orkę, stosując 40 t obornika oraz 200 kg K2O/ha (sól potasowa 60%) i 185 kg P2O5/ha (superfosfat potrójny). Od 2002 r. we wszystkich trzech sadach zastosowano zróżnicowane nawożenie azotem, wprowadzając 3 kombinacje: bez nawożenia, 60 kg N/ha i 120 kg N/ha. Analizy chemiczne liści i gleby wykonywano w każdym roku prowadzenia badań, a próby pobierano zgodnie z zaleceniami. Próby gleby suszono w temperaturze pokojowej, przesiewano i dokonywano oznaczeń zawartości P, K, Mg oraz pH. Liście suszono w suszarce w temperaturze 70oC, a po ich zmieleniu przystąpiono do oznaczenia zawartości N, P, K, Mg i Ca.
Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że nawożenie azotem wpływało na:
- obniżenie zawartości przyswajalnego fosforu i magnezu w glebie;
- wzrost zawartości tego składnika w liściach wiśni
- obniżenie zawartości fosforu, nie wpływając istotnie na zmianę pozostałych analizowanych składników (K, Mg i Ca).
Zofia Zydlik, Eugeniusz Pacholak, Marcin Zachwieja, Krzysztof Rutkowski
WPŁYW FORMOWANIA KORON NA ZAWARTOŚĆ SKŁADNIKÓW MINERALNYCH W LIŚCIACH WIŚNI
Drzewa wiśni odmiany „ŁutówkaÓ typ IR 2 na podkładce „AntypkaÓ wysadzono wiosną w 2001 i 2002 r. w rozstawie 4 × 1,3 m (1920 drzew/ha). Przed wysadzeniem drzewek każdego roku jesienią wykonano głęboką orkę, stosując 40 t obornika oraz 200 kg K2O/ha (sól potasowa 60%) i 185 kg P2O5/ha (superfosfat potrójny).
W doświadczeniu wprowadzono trzy kombinacje cięcia drzew: bez cięcia (korona prawie naturalna formowana za pomocą odginania pędów), cięcie tradycyjne (korona prawie naturalna ze skracaniem pędów o 1/3 długości) oraz cięcie na czop (korona osiowa). Przez wszystkie lata badań stosowano saletrę amonową, którą wysiewano w I dekadzie kwietnia. Analizy chemiczne liści wykonywano w każdym roku badań, a próby pobierano zawsze po zbiorze owoców. Liście suszono w suszarce w temperaturze 70oC, a po ich po zmieleniu przystąpiono do oznaczenia zawartości N, P, K, Mg i Ca.
Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że:
- zawartość składników mineralnych w liściach zależna była od wieku drzew i przebiegu warunków pogodowych,
- intensywność cięcia wiśni wpływała na zmiany zawartości składników w liściach. Cięcie obniżało zawartość fosforu i magnezu oraz wapnia, a zwiększało zawartość azotu.
Zofia Zydlik, Eugeniusz Pacholak, Marcin Zachwieja, Krzysztof Rutkowski
WPŁYW FORMOWANIA KORON NA PLONOWANIE I USZKODZENIA PRZYMROZKOWE WIŚNI
Drzewa wiśni odmiany „ŁutówkaÓ typ IR 2 na podkładce „AntypkaÓ wysadzono wiosną w 2001 i 2002 r. w rozstawie 4 × 1,3 m (1920 drzew/ha). Sady założono na polu, na którym gleba została wytworzona z glin lekkich zwałowych. Przed wysadzeniem drzewek każdego roku jesienią wykonano głęboką orkę, stosując 40 t obornika oraz 200 kg K2O/ha (sól potasowa 60%) i 185 kg P2O5/ha (superfosfat potrójny).
W doświadczeniu wprowadzono trzy kombinacje cięcia drzew: bez cięcia (korona prawie naturalna formowana za pomocą odginania pędów), cięcie tradycyjne (korona prawie naturalna ze skracaniem pędów o 1/3 długości) oraz cięcie na czop (korona osiowa). Ocenę uszkodzeń mrozowych wykonano na podstawie warunków klimatycznych, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem przebiegu temperatury w okresie wegetacji i stopnia uszkodzeń zawiązków owocowych 7 dni po wystąpieniu przymrozku. Ponadto oceniono plon z każdego drzewa oddzielnie oraz jego jakość, wyrażoną masą 100 owoców, jędrnością miąższu i zawartością ekstraktu. Na podstawie przeprowadzonych badań stwierdzono, że:
- formowanie koron w pierwszym roku po posadzeniu nie miało istotnego wpływu na plon jednostkowy z drzewa. Istotnie modyfikowały go wiosenne przymrozki, które znacząco obniżyły plon z drzewa,
- uszkodzenia przymrozkowe zawiązków zależne były od wieku drzew. Intensywność cięcia nie miała istotnego wpływu na % uszkodzonych kwiatów czy zawiązków,
- cięcie nie miało istotnego wpływu na jakość wiśni, ocenianą na podstawie masy, jędrności i zawartości ekstraktu.
Ryszard Cholewa
HERITABILITY COEFFICIENTS OF THE COLOURING INTENSITY OF THE HAIR COVER OF THE BLUE ARCTIC FOX (Alopex lagopus L.)
The aim of the study was to answer the question what is the capability of passing onto the offsprings of the colouring intensity of the hair cover by blue arctic foxes.
The heritability coefficient (h2) was assessed by the method of trait value regression (assessed in points) from daughter to mother.
The obtained results revealed that the heritability of the colouring intensity of the hair cover was confirmed by significant values of the heritability coefficients (h2) which can be used in the breeding work by appropriate selection in fox farms.
Ryszard Cholewa
NUTRIA REPRODUCTION RESULTS IN HAREMS WITH DIFFERENT NUMBER OF FEMALES
The objective of the investigations was to present some nutria reproduction indices in the course of their breeding performance in harems with different numbers of females. Among the presented indices were: the date of delivery, number of delivered and weaned litter as well as the weight of new-born nutrias.
It turned out that the impact of the harem size on the reproduction results varied and was different in relation to the analysed reproduction indices.
This impact was most apparent in the variability of the date of parturition which increased in consecutive parturitions; the higher the number of females in the harem, the greater was the variability in the dates of parturition.
Feliks Czarnociński, Marian Lipiński
PROBLEMS OF VACUUM CHANGES IN CLUSTERS OF MILKING MACHINES
The literature review was presented, which concerns vacuum conditions performing in clusters of milking machines. Their exact knowledge has basic importance for correct carry out the machine milking of cows. It is important especially in order to limit or eliminate of back flows towards teats and to ensure suitable massage.
Aleksander J Druś, Marian Lipiński
THE PROBLEMS OF SURFACE PROTECTION OF THE HOT-WIRE ANEMOMETRICAL SENSORS OF MILK FLOWMETERS AGAINST THE EFFECTS OF PROTEIN DENATURATION
In the article, the conception how to solve the phenomenon of milk flowmetersí ageing was shown. The construction of the research stand created in the Institute of Agriculture Engineering in Poznan was described.
Justyna Kozłowska-Hałas, Helena Kruczyńska
WPŁYW DODATKU SOLI ANIONOWYCH DO DAWKI POKARMOWEJ W OKRESIE ZASUSZENIA NA POZIOM Ca, P, Mg W KRWI KRÓW
Bilans kationowo-anionowy dawki pokarmowej (Dietary Cation-Anion Difference - DCAD) stosowanej w żywieniu krów w ostatnich 2 tygodniach przed wycieleniem wynosił +199 me/kg sm w grupie kontrolnej (n = 6) i -67 w grupie doświadczalnej (n = 6), w której stosowano mieszankę witaminowo-mineralną z udziałem soli anionowych. Próby krwi pobrano trzykrotnie: 7 dni przed planowanym wycieleniem, w dniu wycielenia i 2 dni po. Modyfikacja DCAD dawki pokarmowej skarmianej przed porodem przyczyniła się do utrzymania prawidłowego poziomu Ca w surowicy krwi krów po porodzie, niewielkiego wzrostu koncentracji Mg i spadku P, który mimo to utrzymywał się nadal w zakresie normy fizjologicznej.
Marek Stanisz, Adam Gut
WARTOŚĆ RZEŹNA MIESZAŃCÓW PO MATKACH PLENNEJ OWCY WIELKOPOLSKIEJ I TRYKACH BERRICHON DU CHER
W pracy badano wartość rzeźną jagniąt, tuczonych do wieku 100 dni, mieszańców F1, które pochodziły po matkach plennej owcy wielkopolskiej i trykach mięsnej rasy berrichon du cher oraz jagniąt plennej owcy wielkopolskiej (grupa kontrolna).
Użycie tryków berrichon du cher do krzyżowania z maciorkami „plennej” owcy wielkopolskiej wpływa korzystnie na masę ciała mieszańców przed ubojem, ich wydajność rzeźną, konformację (ocena EUROP) i wymiary tuszy, powierzchnię przekroju mięśnia najdłuższego grzbietu oraz udział tkanki mięśniowej. Natomiast nie stwierdzono u mieszańców wpływu rasy mięsnej na wskaźniki otłuszczenia i udział wartościowych wyrębów w tuszy.
Ewa A. Varisella, Ireneusz Dymarski, Zbigniew Sobek, Anna Nienartowicz-Zdrojewska
LEVEL OF INBRED DAIRY CATTLE FAMILIES REGARDED TO LIFETIME PERFORMANCE IN IZZ PAWLOWICE DAIRY HERD
The aim of study was to investigate parameters, included coefficient of inbred, that influence on longevity in dairy cattle. The data have been extracted from the studbooks IZ ZZD Paw3owice, included 6148 cows from 305 families, born between 1905 and 2000. Phenotypic correlations between longevity and inbreeding were generally slow (0.04 for inbreeded and 0.02 for all cows) and not significant. In families there are significant correlations between analyzed traits, but there were no relationships between longevity and inbreed level in whole population.
Ewa A. Varisella, Ireneusz Dymarski, Zbigniew Sobek, Tomasz Sternicki
ANALYZE OF INBRED LEVEL INTO IZZ PAWLOWICE DAIRY HERD
The objective of this study was to estimate inbred level in dairy cattle born in 1905 to 2000. The data have been extracted from the studbooks IZ ZZD Paw3owice, included 6533 cows and 490 bulls. Estimation of analyzed parameter was based on additive relationship matrix. In general in the analyzed cattle herd coefficient average inbred obtain for cow and bulls respectively 4.9% and 6.5 %. There is slow decrease average inbreeding within increasing number of inbreeded individuals.